生理学の概観【英語で生理学1-1】

生理学

英語で生理学を学ぶ記事です。

Introduction to Human Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms of living organisms. In human physiology, we focus specifically on how the human body works—from the smallest cellular processes to the coordination of entire systems. Understanding physiology helps us grasp how our body maintains life, adapts to challenges, and keeps internal stability.

生理学とは、生物の機能や仕組みを科学的に研究する学問です。人間の生理学では、細胞内の微細な働きから、全身の器官系の協調まで、人体がどのように機能しているかを詳しく探ります。生理学を理解することは、私たちの体がどのように生命を維持し、環境に適応し、体内の安定(恒常性)を保っているかを理解する助けになります。

The Levels of Structural Organization

The human body has a hierarchical structure that starts with the simplest units and builds up to complex systems. These levels are:

  1. Cells – The basic units of life. All bodily functions begin at the cellular level.
  2. Tissues – Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
  3. Organs – Structures made of two or more types of tissues that perform specific jobs (e.g., heart, liver, lungs).
  4. Organ Systems – Groups of organs that work together to carry out major bodily functions.

Together, these levels form a highly organized and coordinated living body.

人体は、単純な構造から複雑な構造へと積み重なる階層的な構造を持っています。以下がその主な段階です:

  1. Cells(細胞) – 生命の基本単位。体のあらゆる機能は、細胞レベルから始まります。
  2. Tissues(組織) – 同じ種類の細胞が集まり、特定の役割を果たす構造。
  3. Organs(器官) – 複数の組織が集まってできており、心臓・肝臓・肺など、特定の機能を担います。
  4. Organ Systems(器官系) – 複数の器官が協力して、大きな身体の働きを果たします。

🔎 解説:「細胞 → 組織 → 器官 → 器官系」という構造は、生物学でも生理学でも基本となる重要な考え方です。

Organ Systems and the Characteristics of Life

Living organisms, including humans, share seven key characteristics of life: cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and evolution. The human body contains multiple organ systems that correspond to and support these characteristics:

  • Nervous and Endocrine Systems help with responsiveness to stimuli.
  • Digestive and Respiratory Systems play roles in metabolism, providing energy and nutrients.
  • Integumentary and Immune Systems maintain homeostasis and protect against pathogens.
  • Muscular and Skeletal Systems allow for movement and growth.
  • Reproductive System ensures continuation of the species.
  • All systems together reflect the body’s capacity for adaptation and survival, tying into the principle of evolution.

すべての生物(人間を含む)は、次の7つの生命の特徴を共有しています:

  1. Cellular organization(細胞構造)
  2. Metabolism(代謝)
  3. Homeostasis(恒常性)
  4. Growth(成長)
  5. Reproduction(生殖)
  6. Responsiveness(刺激への反応)
  7. Evolution and adaptation(進化と適応)

そして人体には、これらの特徴に対応するさまざまな器官系が存在します:

  • 神経系と内分泌系(Nervous and Endocrine Systems) → 刺激に反応する働きを担います(Responsiveness)
  • 消化器系と呼吸器系(Digestive and Respiratory Systems) → 栄養とエネルギーを供給し、代謝を支えます(Metabolism)
  • 皮膚や免疫系(Integumentary and Immune Systems) → 体の安定性と防御(恒常性)を保ちます(Homeostasis)
  • 筋肉系と骨格系(Muscular and Skeletal Systems) → 動きと体の成長に関わります(Growth)
  • 生殖器系(Reproductive System) → 子孫を生み、種の継続を可能にします(Reproduction)
  • 全身の働き(All systems) → 環境に適応し、長期的に進化する能力を支えています(Evolution and adaptation)

Why Study Physiology?

Studying physiology allows us to understand how the body maintains balance, responds to illness or injury, and adapts to its environment. It is essential for medical science, sports science, and any field that involves human health and performance.

生理学を学ぶことで、私たちは体がどのようにバランスを保ち、病気やけがにどう反応し、環境にどう適応するかを理解できます。
これは、医学・看護学・スポーツ科学・栄養学など、あらゆる人間の健康とパフォーマンスに関わる分野で重要です。

問題

Physiology Comprehension Questions (Multiple Choice Style)


Choose a sentence which explains organs.

A. Organs are made of similar cells that perform the same function.
B. Organs are groups of organs that work together for a major body function.
C. Organs are structures composed of two or more tissues that perform specific functions.
D. Organs are the smallest units of life that carry out basic processes.

Correct Answer: Click to reveal the answer

Choose a sentence which explains homeostasis.

A. Homeostasis is the ability of the body to grow and reproduce.
B. Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain internal stability.
C. Homeostasis is how the body moves from place to place.
D. Homeostasis means that all cells are the same size and shape.

Correct Answer: Click to reveal the answer

Choose a sentence which describes the levels of structural organization.

A. The levels are: tissues → cells → organs → organ systems.
B. The levels are: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems.
C. The levels are: systems → organs → tissues → cells.
D. The levels are: cells → organs → tissues → molecules.

Correct Answer: Click to reveal the answer

Choose a sentence which explains why we study physiology.

A. To memorize the names of body parts.
B. To understand how the human body maintains life and responds to changes.
C. To learn the history of biology and chemistry.
D. To compare human and plant biology.

Correct Answer: Click to reveal the answer

Choose a sentence which describes the relationship between organ systems and the characteristics of life.

A. Only the reproductive system supports all characteristics of life.
B. Each organ system works independently and does not affect life characteristics.
C. Different organ systems support different characteristics of life, such as metabolism and responsiveness.
D. Organ systems are unrelated to metabolism or evolution.

Correct Answer: Click to reveal the answer

参考文献

以下は生理学を学ぶための参考文献です.

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